Yoga, Tao And Zen

Yoga is control of thoughts.
Tao is the Way.
Zen is meditation.
These three are one.

Samkhya, Yoga and Vedanta are three of the six orthodox Hindu philosophical systems. Orthodoxy is acceptance of the Veda. Vedanta is the philosophy of the Upanishads, the last part of the Veda.

Samkhya, like non-Vedic Jain philosophy, is soul pluralist. The Yoga Sutras accept the Samkhya philosophy and the two systems form Samkhya-Yoga. However, there are also monistic Vedanta-Yoga syntheses. Neither Vedism nor any philosophical system is necessary for the practice of yoga.

Anarchic Taoism is the antithesis of formalist Confucianism. Zen is Buddhist but it has been argued that Chinese Ch'an/Japanese Zen is a Buddhist-Taoist synthesis.

The Indian Contemplative Tradition

Conservative: Jainism.
Orthodox: Samkhya-Yoga.
Upanishadic: Vedanta.
Reformed: Buddhism.

Teachers of Gautama
Alara Kalama, Samkhya.
Uddaka Ramaputta, Jain.

Two Levels

Some Christians say, "The Lord saved me while I was yet a sinner."
Some Buddhists say that we are already enlightened but have not yet realized our enlightenment.
Secularists might say, "It is good to be alive but we screw it up."

These are three different expressions of a single psychological dichotomy between a "basically OK" level (saved, enlightened, alive) and a "some work still needing to be done" level (stop sinning, realize enlightenment, stop screwing up).

Christians are grateful for their salvation.
Buddhists are glad of a human birth.
We can all be grateful to be among the living.
I am additionally grateful that the personal consequences of my "wrong actions," in the Buddhist sense of that phrase, have not been as bad as they might have been, at least not yet.
I apologize to many others for the effects of those actions.
If there are any gods involved, then I am grateful to them although, if Fortuna is the only deity involved, then she is to be neither entreated nor thanked.

Perception And Appearance

Complex organisms are necessary for perception.
However, processes within such organisms impede perception.
Natural selection generated complex organisms.
Social interactions generate self-conscious individuals.
Meditation is necessary to address psychological processes.

Appearance of multiplicity generates consciousness of self and other but prevents realization of unity.
Thus, appearance is necessary for consciousness which is necessary for realization which is prevented by appearance.

Interdependence

Are atoms or souls ontologically independent? No. Everything from subatomic particles to conscious organisms is interdependent. Therefore, "emptiness" (absence of any permanent underlying substance) and monism (oneness) are closer approximations to truth than atomism or soul pluralism.

The independent soul of Jainism and Samkhya-Yoga is a conceptualization of liberated consciousness but with unwarranted implications of immateriality and immortality. Dependent existence is conditional and transient. Particles are created and annihilated in a vacuum. Consciousness depends on complex, sensitive organisms which depend on changing environmental conditions. Therefore, nothing is immortal or indestructible.

Who Drives The Bus?

"'Only the Greatest of all can make Himself small enough to enter Hell. For the higher a thing is, the lower it can descend - a man can sympathise with a horse but a horse cannot sympathise with a rat. Only One has descended into Hell.'"
-CS Lewis, The Great Divorce (London, 1982), p. 114.

So Who drives the bus that transports the Ghosts from the grey town?

Although I do not share Lewis' belief in a hereafter, I note that his belief differs from that of the Evangelicals. The saved are those who have made a right moral choice, not necessarily those who have undergone an Evangelical conversion.

Patanjali And CS Lewis

Sutras
Yoga is control of thoughts.
Then man abides in his real nature.
Otherwise, he remains identified with thoughts.
They are controlled by practice and non-attachment.

For Patanjali, "real nature" was a soul but there are other understandings.

In CS Lewis' The Great Divorce, "Ghosts" can travel by bus from the gray town that is Hell to the foothills of Heaven but often opt to return. One Ghost carries on his shoulder a lizard whispering pleasurable dreams that will require him to return to the town. However, when, with the Ghost's permission, an angel kills the lizard, the Ghost becomes a man and the lizard becomes a horse which the man rides into the mountains.

Lewis' gray town and mountains correspond to Patanjali's thoughts and real nature.